South Dakota State Tree: Black Hills Spruce

South Dakota's official state tree is the Black Hills Spruce, a variety of white spruce native to the Black Hills region. This spruce grows 40 to 60 feet tall in the Black Hills, occasionally reaching 80 feet in protected sites. The trunk measures one to two feet in diameter on mature trees. Black Hills Spruce is technically Picea glauca variety densata, meaning it's a denser, more compact form of white spruce rather than a separate species. The variety name 'densata' describes the tree's characteristic dense branching and compact growth. The tree grows slowly in South Dakota's semi-arid climate, adding six to twelve inches per year. Black Hills Spruce can live 200 to 300 years in the Black Hills. The species provided timber for early South Dakota settlers and continues supplying the Black Hills lumber industry today.

The needles appear blue-green to gray-green, measuring one-half to three-quarters inch long. The needles are four-sided and stiff with sharp points, distinguishing spruce from flat, soft fir needles. When rolled between fingers, spruce needles feel square. The needles grow on all sides of twigs rather than in flat sprays. The overall foliage appears denser than typical white spruce, giving Black Hills Spruce its compact, full appearance. The needles smell pungent when crushed. Small cones hang from branches, measuring one to two inches long - smaller than most spruce cones. The cones appear light brown and have flexible scales, unlike the stiff scales of pine cones. The dense foliage and compact form distinguish Black Hills Spruce from the more open growth of typical white spruce.

Black Hills Spruce grows naturally only in South Dakota's Black Hills and adjacent areas of northeastern Wyoming. This limited range makes the tree essentially unique to South Dakota. The Black Hills rise 3,000 to 4,000 feet above surrounding prairies, creating cooler, wetter conditions that support forest growth. The spruce dominates north-facing slopes and moist ravines throughout the Black Hills. The trees grow alongside ponderosa pine, which covers drier south-facing slopes. Black Hills Spruce requires more moisture than ponderosa pine and occupies cooler microsites. The species grows from 4,000 to 7,000 feet elevation in the Black Hills. Outside this range, Black Hills Spruce is planted as an ornamental and Christmas tree across South Dakota and neighboring states. The tree's compact form and blue-green color make it popular for landscaping.

The official name is Black Hills Spruce, referring to the South Dakota mountain range where it grows naturally. The scientific name Picea glauca var. densata combines Picea (Latin for pitch, referring to resin) with glauca (Latin for bluish-green) and densata (Latin for dense). The name recognizes this as a variety of white spruce with denser growth. Early South Dakota settlers called it simply spruce or Black Hills white spruce. The Lakota people called the Black Hills Paha Sapa, meaning 'hills that are black' - the name coming from the dark appearance created by dense spruce forests covering mountainsides.

Some references use white spruce since Black Hills Spruce is technically a variety rather than a separate species. The genus Picea includes about 35 spruce species worldwide. The species belongs to the Pinaceae family, the pine family. Black Hills Spruce represents a geographically isolated population of white spruce that adapted to Black Hills conditions over thousands of years. The compact, dense form developed as an adaptation to Black Hills climate and growing conditions.

South Dakota designated the Black Hills Spruce as its official state tree in 1947. The South Dakota Legislature passed the designation during the 1947 session. The legislation recognized Black Hills Spruce as the tree most representative of South Dakota's unique landscape and cultural heritage. By 1947, the Black Hills had become South Dakota's most famous natural feature, home to Mount Rushmore and drawing thousands of tourists annually. The spruce symbolized these distinctive mountains that defined South Dakota's identity beyond the prairie stereotype.

South Dakota selected Black Hills Spruce because the Black Hills represent the state's most distinctive landscape feature. South Dakota is primarily Great Plains grassland - vast prairies stretching to horizons. The Black Hills rise as a forested island in this sea of grass, visible from 50 miles away as a dark mass on the western horizon. The mountains got their name from the dark appearance created by dense spruce forests. For the Lakota Sioux, the Black Hills were Paha Sapa - the sacred center of the world. The mountains provided shelter, resources, and spiritual significance. Lakota oral traditions connect the people to these mountains for generations before European contact. The 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty recognized Lakota ownership of the Black Hills.

The tree shaped South Dakota's development and conflicts. When Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer led an 1874 expedition into the Black Hills, prospectors discovered gold. The gold rush that followed violated the Fort Laramie Treaty and sparked the Great Sioux War of 1876. Thousands of miners flooded the Black Hills seeking fortune. Towns like Deadwood and Lead sprang up in mining camps. The Homestake Mine in Lead became the largest gold mine in North America, operating until 2002. As mining developed, Black Hills Spruce supplied timber for mine supports, buildings, and fuel. South Dakota's lumber industry centered in the Black Hills, with sawmills processing spruce and ponderosa pine. The Black Hills National Forest, established in 1897, protected spruce forests while allowing sustainable logging. Black Hills Spruce became a Christmas tree crop, with South Dakota growers shipping trees across the region. The tree's compact, dense form made it ideal for indoor display. The 1947 designation honored Black Hills Spruce as the symbol of South Dakota's forested mountains, Lakota sacred lands, mining heritage, and timber industry. The tree represented how South Dakota differed from other Great Plains states through the unique forested mountains rising from prairies. Mount Rushmore, carved between 1927 and 1941, made the Black Hills internationally famous. Black Hills Spruce became the arboreal symbol of these mountains that defined South Dakota's identity.

South Dakota's state flower is the American Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla hirsutissima), designated in 1903. The state adopted its floral symbol 44 years before choosing Black Hills Spruce. Both symbols represent South Dakota's distinctive landscapes. The pasque flower blooms purple in early spring across South Dakota prairies, while Black Hills Spruce towers in the mountains. The pasque flower appears in April on grasslands as spruce trees begin new growth. Together these symbols capture South Dakota's dual character - vast prairies covering most of the state and forested Black Hills rising in the west. One represents the prairie majority, the other the mountain minority that defines state identity.

The needles provide reliable spruce identification. Look for stiff, sharp, four-sided needles measuring one-half to three-quarters inch long. Roll a needle between your fingers - it should feel square because of the four sides. This distinguishes spruce from fir, which has flat needles that won't roll. The needles appear blue-green to gray-green, covering all sides of twigs rather than growing in flat sprays. When crushed, the needles smell pungent and resinous. The overall foliage appears very dense and compact compared to other spruces. This dense branching gives Black Hills Spruce its characteristic full appearance.

The cones help confirm identification. Look for small hanging cones measuring one to two inches long. The cones appear light brown with thin, flexible scales. The scales bend when squeezed rather than remaining stiff like pine cone scales. Cones mature in one season and fall by late winter. The small cone size distinguishes Black Hills Spruce from larger-coned spruces. Cones often cluster near branch tips and hang downward when mature.

The overall form shows a narrow, conical crown when young, becoming more cylindrical with age. Black Hills Spruce maintains a much denser, more compact form than typical white spruce. The branches grow more closely spaced and the foliage appears fuller. Young trees develop perfect Christmas tree shapes. Mature trees form straight trunks with branches to near ground level on open-grown specimens. Forest-grown trees show clean trunks with crowns in the upper portion. The bark appears gray-brown with thin, scaly plates. Twigs are stiff and often slightly hairy. The compact, dense growth distinguishes Black Hills Spruce from the more open appearance of other spruce varieties.

Black Hills Spruce represents South Dakota's unique landscape where prairies meet mountains. The tree symbolizes the sacred Black Hills that hold spiritual significance for the Lakota people and historical importance for all South Dakotans. For many residents, Black Hills Spruce evokes Mount Rushmore, gold rush history, and the forested mountains that distinguish South Dakota from flat prairie states. The species embodies South Dakota's dual identity - vast grasslands covering most of the state and distinctive mountains defining its image. The tree represents how a geographically small area can define an entire state's character. Black Hills Spruce connects modern South Dakota to Lakota heritage, pioneer history, and the natural wonders that make the state memorable.